Braxton Taylor
Of all the Central Intelligence Agency secrets revealed to the world by the so-called Church Committee of the 1970s, perhaps none captured the American public’s imagination as vividly as the agency’s “heart attack gun.”
During the Cold War, there was almost nothing the CIA wouldn’t do to get a leg up on the Soviet Union, from simple operations like intercepting and reading the mail of American citizens to more serious (and equally illegal) acts like dosing “unwitting, nonvoluntary human subjects” with LSD and seeing how well they would hold up to interrogation. We know about these secret efforts because Congress investigated the agency, as well as the FBI, National Security Agency and IRS, in 1975 and released its findings to the American public. The results of the investigation were, to put it lightly, alarming.
Led by Idaho Sen. Frank Church, the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities that became known as the Church Committee was sparked by a series of startling revelations in the early 1970s. First, a whistleblower revealed the Army was spying on American citizens at home. Almost as soon as the dust from that discovery settled, The New York Times published a story that found the CIA had been spying on Americans for decades, keeping files on some 10,000 Americans it suspected of being foreign agents — including at least one member of Congress.
The Church Committee soon uncovered the CIA’s robust assassination program, targeting anti-American leaders such as Congo’s Patrice Lumumba, Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, Vietnam’s Ngo Dinh Diem, Gen. René Schneider of Chile and, famously, Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, who survived numerous CIA assassination attempts.
But if the agency was going to kill world leaders, it couldn’t look like an assassination, of course. The CIA needed the perfect weapon, and it found one in shellfish. Once extracted, the potent neurotoxin could be frozen and fired from a pistol, killing its victim with what appeared to be a heart attack. In a 1975 public hearing, Sen. Church showed the CIA’s “heart attack gun” to the world.
The weapon itself resembled a Colt M1911 pistol with a scope, but it didn’t fire .45-caliber bullets. Instead, it fired a frozen pellet of saxitoxin, a poisonous substance derived from shellfish that consumed toxic algae blooms. The pellet could be silently fired up to 100 meters away and would enter the body through a pinprick entry wound. The poison would then melt, and within minutes, the victim would be dead.
Weaponized saxitoxin was the discovery of Mary Embree, who joined the CIA right after leaving high school in the 1960s. She began her career as a secretary, working to create small electronics and deliver passports and other documents to field agents. She was later moved to a project known as MKNaomi, with a mission that included stockpiling “severely incapacitating and lethal materials for the specific use of the Technical Services Division” — the agency’s source for the specialized devices used in their spy operations. Her job was to find a poison that was undetectable, and saxitoxin was the silver bullet the CIA was looking for.
Though Embree discovered the right poison, the CIA still needed a delivery method that would allow an operative to literally get away with murder. Dr. Nathan Gordon, a researcher at Fort Detrick, Maryland, discovered that mixing the toxin with water and freezing it would allow a poison dart the width of a human hair and a quarter of an inch long to be fired from a modified M1911.
Once in the body, the victim experiences paralytic shellfish poisoning, which can present as a tingling sensation, followed by shortness of breath, abdominal pain, choking and lack of coordination. The victim is paralyzed before dying of respiratory failure in a process that can take seconds. The only evidence of foul play would be a small red puncture wound, one not easily found by a coroner not looking for it. The cause of death would appear to be a heart attack, even to a medical examiner.
The heart attack gun wasn’t a uniquely American invention: The KGB, the Soviet Union’s secretive intelligence and internal security force, had a similar poison weapon. Bohdan Stashinsky, one of the KGB’s hired guns, was known to have murdered two Ukrainian anti-Soviet activists, Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera, in the 1950s with a gun that sprayed cyanide in their faces, causing death within minutes. Their causes of death both looked like heart attacks. The CIA learned their true causes of death when Stashinsky eventually defected to the West in 1961.
The CIA’s heart attack gun wasn’t just shocking because it was a clandestine weapon of targeted assassination. President Richard Nixon had imposed a ban on biological weapons in 1969 and ordered the CIA to destroy its stockpiles of poisons such as saxitoxin. Gordon claimed he never received such an order. Others said the poisons were warehoused by CIA men who believed in the program. Enough saxitoxin to kill some 5,000 people eventually found its way into a storage room at CIA headquarters. (MKNaomi was formally halted in 1970, according to The New York Times.)
It was none other than then-CIA Director William Colby himself who brought the famed heart attack gun to the infamous congressional hearing in 1975, describing it in clinical language as a “nondiscernible microbionoculator.” Although he detailed how it could be used, he never revealed if or when it was ever used.
The Church Committee’s findings eventually led President Gerald Ford to sign an executive order forbidding employees of the United States government to “engage in, or conspire to engage in, political assassination.” In the end, the CIA would just have to figure out how to eliminate its foreign adversaries without directly contributing to their deaths — as it did in Afghanistan, Argentina, Poland, Chad, Nicaragua and elsewhere.
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